Choosing Good Position Essay Topics Ideas

Choosing Good Position Essay Topics Ideas Get acquainted with the subsequent creative argumentative essay topics and select the one that is appropriate for your needs the very best. This is a somewhat broad category, so there are a whole lot of topics to pick from and even more that you could create all on your own. All you will need is the proper topic. What's Actually Happening with Position Essay Topics Ideas Writing a proposal essay isn't as difficult as it might sound, it is irrelevant the way your professor or teacher describes it. What can be done in order to produce a more well-rounded curriculum for middle and higher school students. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. Be certain your essay does not have any mechanical and stylistic erro rs. It is the incorrect method to approach the essay. Because proposal essays are a sort of argumentative essay, you would like to be certain the essay is worthy of an argument. Do not neglect to polish your essay. Vital Pieces of Position Essay Topics Ideas There are several steps which you should take so as to write a great essay. But above all, select one which you can write about. Today there are lots of subjects obtainable for those seeking to compose good, argumentative essays. The True Meaning of Position Essay Topics Ideas There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent at this time or what's left in the shadows and should be enlightened at least in your essay. At precisely the same time, it's a fantastic persuasive essay idea. It will provide you with something to consider. Consider the next speech ideas, a few of which are easy, and others might be a bit difficult yet relevant. Gossip, Lies and Position Essay Topic s Ideas You're able to restate your argument, which is a rather common practice amongst essayists. To put it simply, a proposal essay identifies an issue and suggests a remedy to that issue. Before writing your proposal you should do the next things. Also, an entire revision is essential at the close of the undertaking. Things You Should Know About Position Essay Topics Ideas Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. 1 important thing that you should do when writing your essay is to ensure it is personal. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. The Nuiances of Position Essay Topics Ideas You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. To choose which subj ect you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. It's possible to incorporate a huge sum of recent research, developing a well-thought essay. Otherwise, complete the job! Getting the Best Position Essay Topics Ideas The reader needs to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas. At some stage, you're likely to be requested to compose an argumentative essay. For students, if you're unfamiliar with an argumentative essay, remember they are written to convince readers about a specific focus or point of view. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Of importance always pick a topic which you like. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world aroun d us. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay is possible just on the basis of the prior creative act. Never turn in a very first draft, this 3 words ought to be followed to the letter. However, actually, a lot is dependent on the argumentative essay topic you select. Put simply, he's using all the important methods to make his essay stick out. The One Thing to Do for Position Essay Topics Ideas If you're not certain what direction a position paper might take about sexual harassment at work, ask yourself a couple questions about the subject. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. To write a great argumentative essay they first have to investigate several sides of the argument, which allows them to make an educated stance.

Visitor Management free essay sample

Human-made (other than tourism) †¢Human-made (for tourism) †¢Special events WHS Definition: ‘attract visitors to view buildings that were not originally designed for this purpose, and due to the historical significance of the site can rarely be adapted to accommodate visitor flows (Jones et al, 1998). Examples include Temples, churches, A-Ma Temple, St Pauls Ruins, State homes etc. Management techniques are put in place so that they can protect these WHS in the future. Often Hard management techniques have to be taken to enforce rules. Natural Attraction Definition: Places that were not initially tourist attractions but over time has become one. Examples include national parks, Great Barrier Reef, forests. Usually soft management techniques are used in these locations as it hard to have control over such large areas. Interpretation definition Interpretation is an educational activity that reveals meaning and relationships through the use of objects, by direct experience, and by instructive media, rather than simply to communicate facts and figures. We will write a custom essay sample on Visitor Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Freeman Tilden 1977 â€Å"Through interpretation comes understanding, through understanding comes appreciation, and through appreciation comes protection† F. Tilden, 1977 in Eagles McCool, 2002 Full interpretation is when you told about everything there is to know about a site, some writers argue that this is not always the best way. Some things are better left unknown to the tourists own mind. This can depend on tourist typologies and behaviours. Why is Visitor Satisfaction important? Visitor management is used to address negative impacts which may be affecting a site. This is done to both observe the site but also to enhance visitor knowledge and satisfaction. It was initially created for natural sites. Other reasons are: ?Enhance visitor experience ?Encourage higher spending ?Induce sympathy for causes ?Encourage visits to be spread over space and time ?Reduce impacts of visitation through management In terms of business it is good to prove the best service you can to increase business, repeat customers, good hear say etc. This will prolong the life of the tourist attraction and if the correct measures are put in place then will conserve the site too. Visitor Management Definition an ongoing process to reconcile the potentially competing needs of the visitor, the place and the host community† (Grant, 1990). Hard Management Techniques – This regulates and controls visitor activities to ensure that the site is not coming to any harm. Restrictions are put in place both physical as well as regulatory and economically. Example of this are: Zoning – This restricts the areas in which visitors can enter by the use of ropes or pollards. Prohibition legal enforcement – fines and laws which are put in place if rules are broken Restricting Access – So that areas cannot be accessed Off peak and on peak price changes Disadvantages – very restrictive, can be hard to implement, customer satisfaction may be affected negatively Soft Management Techniques – This is another way of trying to enforce rules and regulations on an attraction but in a more subtle way. Promoting and Marketing is an advertising process in which management will try and get more tourists to the attraction. This could be by special offers discount prices etc. Demarketing – used to unencourage visitors to come during really busy times to prevent overcrowding. High ticket prices etc. Interpretation and education: Another way of ensuring visitor satisfaction is by education, by educating the people maybe that will help them in wanting to preserve the attraction they are at. Disadvantage: Expensive, lack of control and methods can be intrusive to visitors. Forecasting Definition Forecasting is fundamentally the process of organising information about a phenomenon’s past in order (Freichtling, 2001) Forecasting is a planning tool which reduces risk, it is especially important in the tourism industry as most products are perishable. Customer satisfaction relies on the good services they receive so therefore it is a must to get right. It can be hard to apply forecasting to the tourism industry as there is not any quantative data to be analysed for the forecasting to be based on.

The Better Life by 3 Doors Down free essay sample

Most of the time Most of the music that I listen to is weird and unusual . I know few people that have heard of this band. The few people that know of them dont give them much credit for their work. Kryptonite- is about being lost in there is nothing you can do to help it but to try and find your self. The identity of yourself is lost in your head and you dont know who you are. Another song that I found to be interesting was Loser, the song is very straightforward and gets to the point that he feels like he is a loser, that he has no right to be â€Å"the cool kid†. That he was a mistake, makes up lies to fit in with all of his peers but he feels like he should just be dead. This song is very powerful and a strong song, I can relate to this one very easily. We will write a custom essay sample on The Better Life by 3 Doors Down or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Life of my Own is another song that I connected to by how you should be able to live your life with no regrets and not have to look back on it. With this I just kinda connected to it because I once was told to live my own life, to get where I want to go to and finish strong. This album is for people who are in to rock bands, Personally I dont like rock bands but for some reason I was drawn to this particular band.

James Harriot Essays - James Herriot, , Term Papers

James Harriot Most people working in the medical field treat human patients, but one common medical field is Complaining about his first experience in the country, James Harriot starts out his book saying, "They didn't say anything about this in the books, I thought, as the snow blew in through the gaping doorway and settled on my back. No there wasn't a word in the books about searching for your ropes and instruments in the shadows; about trying to keep clean in a half bucket of tepid water; about the cobbles digging into your chest. Nor about the slow numbing of the arms, the creeping paralysis of the muscles as the fingers tried to work against the cows powerful explosive efforts." He clearly doesn't show any signs of enjoying his job, yet. Later on, on his way to Mr. Farnon, he remembers some of the horror stories told to him from experienced veterans, which had visited his college. One vet said," Never a night off or a half a day. He made me wash the car, dig the garden, mow the lawn, do the family shopping. But when he told me to sweep the chimney I left." And another remembers, " First job I had to do was pass the stomach tube on a horse. Got it into the trachea instead of the esophagus. Couple of quick pumps and down went the horse with a hell of a crash-dead as a hammer. That's when I started these gray hairs." By that time James was doubting whether or not being a vet was the best profession he could have chosen. Deciding to stay a vet in the same city he quickly realized the problem of having to adapt to his new environment. One of the first he encountered was the ability to communicate properly with his customers. James, on the first day of work, while Mr. Farnon was out, had to deal with a customer on his own. Harriot had trouble understanding him due to the use of terms, to describe animal body parts, sickness, and diseases, which were made-up by farmers in that area. After the customer left "(Harriot) returned thoughtfully to the sitting-room. It was disconcerting but I had listened to my first case history without understanding a word of it." There are many unexpected obstacles and difficulties which are going to come in his life time job as a vet. One of which he hates dearly is the fact that his job requires him to be able to be wide-awake and focused at any time, 24 hours a day 7 days a week. He got a call one night at 3:15A.M. to come help a farmer with his mane having trouble giving birth. He remembers, " My stomach contracted to a tight ball. This was a little bit too much; once out of bed in the middle of the night was bad enough, but twice was unfair, in fact it was sheer cruelty. I had had a hard day and had been glad to crawl between the sheets at midnight. I had been hauled out once at one o'clock to a damned awkward calving and hadn't got back till nearly three. What time is it now? Three fifteen. Good god, I had only had a few minutes' sleep. And a foaling! Twice as difficult as a calving as a rule. What a life! What a bloody awful life!" A gentleman, back in the school days, told him " if you ever become a veterinary surgeon you will have a life of endless interest and variety." James thought "that old chap was certainly wasn't kidding, variety. That was it variety. Variety is something you rarely get residing in the city. Every day you see the same buildings, go to the same office, meet the same people, and pretty much do the same work all year long. But as vet it's the extreme opposite. After a hard days work, Harriot wonders, " but then I might have been in an office with the window tight shut against the petrol fumes and the traffic noise, the desk light shining on the columns of figures, my bowler hat hanging on the wall." Living in the city doesn't come without its rewards. Even though you are a "slave" to the cities seemingly endless redundant, same way of life; it doesn't come without its rewards. Having finished helping a lamb with its birth a little past midnight James tries " to keep out the black thoughts; about those

Pytoremediation free essay sample

This is where our friendly plant friends come in, phototypesetting uses natural or genetically modified plants; often together with their associated archbishopric microorganism isms which stimulates plant growth and contaminates soil and water in conjunction with the plants. The plants extract heavy metals, natural aromatic and hydrocarbon compounds and also man-made chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and antibiotics form the soil (Easier 2010). The Best part is this process uses minimal energy to run, all the plants need to use as energy is water, light and plenty of CO.The main mechanism behind phototypesetting is that they sequester heavy metals into their cell walls , they chocolate (breaking a compound containing a lagans, typically organic bonds of a central metal tom at two or more points, transforms an active poisonous form into an inactive form of the chemical) the toxic metals and transform them into an inactive form. The plants can then store this inactive form in their many vacuoles, these vacuoles are isolated from the important metabolic processes of the plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Pytoremediation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another way that plants can decontaminate soil is that they can take up and metabolize harmful organic compounds, including abundant, environmental, aromatic pollutants such as polycarbonate phenyl, halogenated hydrocarbons and then they metabolize these pollutants by grading them to a non-toxic substance. This converted form can even be used up by the plant and their associated microbial units as a natural source of carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen. And in some rare cases some plants can convert the harmful pollutants in to a nutritional source. The magical metabolic process that allows for the conversion of pollutants into nontoxic substances is firstly oxidation/reduction reactions and the hydrolysis of some specific bonds. Secondly some plants conjugation/deregistration with small molecular moieties such as sugars and peptides done by their defensive enzymes. Synthesis of the enzymes that catalyst these reactions is often induced by the toxic substances they act on, thus is a defensive mechanism of the plant that is utilized for our clean up purposes.There are 5 main type of phototypesetting : petrifaction: which is the use of pollutant- accumulating plants to remove metals or organics from soil by concentrating them in the harvested parts, photoengraving which is the use of plants and associated microorganisms to destroy organic pollutants, rationalization which is the use of plant roots to absorb and adsorb pollutants, mainly teals, from water and aqueous waste streams, phytoplanktons which is the use of plants to reduc e the availability of pollutants in the environment and finally the use of plants to remove pollutants from air. Salt et al. 1998) The benefits to phototypesetting are endless, and at the cost of the process its almost seems like magic. The idea behind this technology is not very recent, plants have always been known to have properties that allow them to convert toxic substance into safe forms but the true potential of this natural phenomenon did not get a serious look into until the early sasss when Dry. Lily Raisin , a Russian born US educated scientist a botanist opened the book once again.He was triggered about the thought when in 1989 he moved to the US and he came across a company called Environing that uses microorganisms to clean up contaminated soils, he then thought why not make up a technology that uses plants to do the same. From his previous research he knew that this technology had potential, so then the mainstream thought of phototypesetting came to life. In 1 995 he wrote a scientific journal with other botanists such as David. E Salt and Michael Playback, named Phototypesetting: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. This Was written in 1995 and really opened to the public the potential use of this technology on a larger scale. It addressed the dire need to find an alternative method towards soil clean up, because conventional methods are just so expensive. Losing petrifaction to clean up one acre of sandy loan soil to a depth of CACM will cost $60,000-$1 00,000 compared to at least $400,000 for excavation and storage alone using traditional soil removal methods ( Raisin I . 995) .

Social groups Essay Example

Social groups Essay Example Social groups Essay Social groups Essay Belonging to a social group is one of the fulfilling things that can happen in a man’s life. Such membership creates an opportunity to create new and modify existing schemata about life and human interactions on a large scale. An effective contribution to and adherence to the shared values of a social group has a way of changing one’s attitude personally. In a situation where the social group has a link with a particular career, such affords increased awareness of information in this line, and forestalls greater career pursuit. The fact is that an active social group affects lives in several ways. THE GROUP: THE COMPASSIONATE FOUNDATION This is the non-profit no-governmental organization that I belong to; it has been created a s a way of pooling resources together to improve all aspects of rural dwelling. It also encourages the religious activities and missionary works of Christianity with a large emphasis of improved academic standard in sub-urban regions. Its activities and arms are organized in such a way that a life is touched positively on the long run, and somebody can point to the banners of the group and say, ‘Thanks a million’ with a large smile on the face. The ideas implemented are not esoteric; they are contemporary ideas that improve academic performance among students in primary and high schools across the country, and in the continent. It is an evolving social group with a view of reaching the whole world not just in s smile train but with the air of rest and comfort. The vision is to see a world of uniform education such that unnecessary unrests can be reduced, environmental degradation can be assuaged and other social vices stemming from the poverty and ignorance can be adequately dwelt with. This way, the society is better and the world becomes an easier to live. Community Reports Community reports are obtained through the following means: à ¼Ã‚   Visitation to Sites of Impact à ¼Ã‚   Obtaining information from stakeholders à ¼Ã‚   Information from similar bodies and other relevant organizations. This forms the basis of all the trips and activities done including major projects and proposals. Community services The community services embarked upon are targeted at the following groups: à ¼Ã‚   The young people directly at all levels of institutions, Hospital patients, Prisoners, Market women, Missionary houses, rural dwellers. These services include 1. Programs 2. Provision Small Scale à ¼Ã‚   Provision of educational aids for the young people à ¼Ã‚   Organizing Interschool interactions among students and rewarding excellence à ¼Ã‚   Organizing profitable programs aimed at increasing interest in Education à ¼Ã‚   Career talks à ¼Ã‚   Provision of fund for major Christian programs à ¼Ã‚   Rehabilitation and Restoration programs à ¼Ã‚   Provision of useful materials and information for hospitalized patients à ¼Ã‚   Health awareness programs à ¼Ã‚   Educating rural dwellers on the need for education, health and other relevant matters à ¼Ã‚   Provision of fund and other useful items for missionary work à ¼Ã‚   Mini-Job creation for young unemployed people à ¼Ã‚   Skill Acquisition and Training program Large Scale: this includes à ¼Ã‚   Peace Talks and Conflict negotiations à ¼Ã‚   Education on Emergency response and service provision SOCIAL IMPACT It is interesting to get feedbacks from lives that have been touched by these activities, detailing their ordeal before the Foundation’s intervention and the impact our programs and services have had on their environment and perspective on life issues. Really, in assisting people who you are not familiar with, there is the added responsibility of geographical, language, and even religious differences. This has made it a paramount agenda for me to inculcate skills of communication that can easily penetrate any culture and make the required impact with the limited time available. This, combined with the advantage of seeing real changes to lives, has made me reconsider my values for living; that life is best lived when it is dedicated to make someone else happy. I have come to learn that fulfillment in life is a product of fulfilling the needs of other people. What is then more important than diverting all efforts, knowledge, belief and even career to such cause: that someoneâ₠¬â„¢s needing be met within your very eyes, even when there would be no direct reward for such devotion. This is really a substantial impact on my life, and the meaning of life. This change can obviously be attributed to just one source: my commitment to the values of the Foundation. This has indeed contributed to my success in the family and at work. CONCLUSION The changes are enormous; they have created a major turn from frivolous extravagance to meaningful expenditure. They have set the pace for investing selflessly in others rather than concentrating a whole life on ‘me’, ‘myself’ and ‘mine’. Lives are changing positively, society is benefiting tremendously and the ecosystem is becoming easier to inhabit. Isn’t that a wonderful social change just because of belonging to a social group?

Cahokia - Prehistoric Capital City on the Mississippi

Cahokia - Prehistoric Capital City on the Mississippi Cahokia is the name of an immense  Mississippian (AD 1000-1600) agricultural settlement and mound group. It is located within the resource-rich American Bottom floodplain of the Mississippi River at the junction of several major rivers in the mid-central United States. Cahokia is the largest prehispanic site in North America north of Mexico, a proto-urban center with numerous allied sites spread across the region. During its heyday (1050-1100 AD), the urban center of Cahokia covered an area of between 10-15 square kilometers (3.8-5.8 square miles), including nearly 200 earthen mounds arranged around vast open plazas, with thousands of pole and thatch houses, temples, pyramidal mounds and public buildings laid out in three great planned residential, political and ritual precincts. For perhaps no more than 50 years, Cahokia had a population of about 10,000-15,000 people with established trade connections throughout North America. The latest scientific research indicates that Cahokias rise and fall were engineered by immigrants who together refashioned the Native American communities for the greater Mississippian culture. The people who left Cahokia after its breakup brought the Mississippian culture with them as they traversed throughout fully 1/3 of what is today the United States. Cahokias Chronology Cahokias emergence as a regional center began as a collection of rudimentary Late Woodland farming villages about 800, but by 1050 it had emerged as a hierarchically-organized cultural and political center, inhabited by tens of thousands of people supported by local plant domesticates and maize from Central America. The following is a brief chronology of the site. Late Woodland (AD 800-900) numerous small farming villages in the valleyFairmount Phase (Terminal Late Woodland AD 900-1050), the American Bottom had two many mound centers, one at Cahokia and the Lunsford-Pulcher site, 23 km (12 mi) to the south, with a total population at Cahokia of around 1,400-2,800Lohmann Phase (AD 1050-1100), Cahokias Big Bang. Around 1050, there was a sudden growth at Cahokia with a population estimated between 10,200-15,300 people within an area of 14.5 sq km (5.6 sq mi). Changes concurrent with the population explosion included community organization, architecture, technology, material culture, and rituality, all of which likely involved in-migration from elsewhere. The site was characterized by large ceremonial plazas, post-in-circle monuments (woodhenges), dense habitation zones of elites and commoners, and a central core of 60-160 ha (.25-.6 sq mi) of at least 18 mounds surrounded by defensive palisadesStirling Phase (AD 1100-1200), Cahokia still controll ed the American Bottom, the lower portions of the Missouri and Illinois river floodplains and the adjacent hilly uplands, amounting to some 9,300 sq km (~3,600 sq mi), but the population was already in decline by 1150, and its upland villages were abandoned. Population estimates are 5,300-7,200. Moorehead Phase (AD 1200-1350) Cahokia saw steep decline and final abandonmentthe latest population estimates for the period are between 3,000-4,500 Greater Cahokia There were at least three great ceremonial precincts within the region known as Greater Cahokia. The largest is Cahokia itself, located 9.8 kilometers (6 miles) from the Mississippi River and 3.8 km (2.3 mi) from the bluff. It is the largest mound group in the United States, centered on an expansive 20 ha (49 ac) plaza fronted on the north by Monks Mound and surrounded by at least 120 recorded platform and burial mounds and lesser plazas. The other two precincts have been impacted by the modern urban growth of St. Louis and its suburbs. The East St. Louis precinct had 50 mounds and a special or high-status residential district. Across the river lay the St. Louis precinct, with 26 mounds and representing a doorway to the Ozarks mountains. All of the St. Louis precinct mounds have been destroyed. Emerald Acropolis Within one days walk of Cahokia were 14 subordinate mound centers and hundreds of small rural farmsteads. The most significant of the nearby mound centers was likely the Emerald Acropolis, a special religious installation in the middle of a large prairie near a prominent spring. The complex was located 24 km (15 mi) east of Cahokia and a broad processional avenue connects the two sites. The Emerald Acropolis was a major shrine complex with at least 500 buildings and perhaps as many as 2,000 during major ceremonial events. The earliest post-wall constructed buildings date to about 1000 AD. Most of the remaining were built between the mid-1000s to the early 1100s AD, although the buildings continued in use until around 1200. About 75% of those buildings were simple rectangular structures; the others were political-religious buildings such as t-shaped medicine lodges, square temples or council houses, circular buildings (rotundas and sweat baths) and rectangular shrine houses with deep basins. Why Cahokia Blossomed Cahokias location within the American Bottom was crucial to its success. Within the limits of the floodplain are thousands of hectares of well-drained tillable land for farming, with abundant oxbow channels, marshes, and lakes that provided aquatic, terrestrial, and avian resources. Cahokia is also quite close to the rich prairie soils of the adjacent uplands where upland resources would have been available. Cahokias cosmopolitan center including people migrating in from different regions and access to a broad trading network from the gulf coast and southeast to the trans-Mississippi South. Vital trading partners included the Caddoans of the Arkansas River, people of the eastern plains, the upper Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes. Cahokians dabbled in long-distance trade of marine shell, shark teeth, pipestone, mica, Hixton quartzite, exotic cherts, copper, and galena. Immigration and Cahokias Rise and Fall Recent scholarly research indicates that Cahokias rise hinged on a massive wave of immigration, beginning in the decades before AD 1050. Evidence from upland villages in Greater Cahokia indicates that they were founded by immigrants from southeastern Missouri and southwestern Indiana. The influx of immigrants has been discussed in the archaeological literature since the 1950s, but it was only recently that clear evidence showing a huge increase in population numbers was discovered. That evidence is in part the sheer number of residential buildings built during the Big Bang. That increase simply cant be accounted for by birth rates alone: there must have been an influx of people. Strontium stable isotope analysis by Slater and colleagues has revealed that fully one-third of the individuals in mortuary mounds at Cahokias center were immigrants. Many of the new immigrants moved to Cahokia during their late childhood or adolescence, and they came from multiple places of origin. One potential place is the Mississippian center of Aztalan in Wisconsin since strontium isotope ratios fall within that established for Aztalan. Main Features: Monks Mound and Grand Plaza Said to have been named after the monks who were using the mound in the 17th century, Monks Mound is the largest of the mounds at Cahokia, a quadrilateral flat-topped, earthen pyramid that supported a series of buildings on its upper level. It took about 720,000 cubic meters of earth to construct this 30 m (100 ft) tall, 320 m (1050 ft) north-south and 294 m (960 ft) east-west behemoth. Monks Mound is slightly larger than Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, and 4/5 of the size of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. Estimated at between 16-24 ha (40-60 ac) in area, the Grand Plaza just south of Monks Mound was marked by Round Top and Fox mounds on the south. A string of smaller mounds marks its east and west sides. Scholars believe it was first used as a source of soil for mound construction, but then it was purposefully leveled off, beginning at the end of the eleventh century. A wooden palisade enclosed the plaza during the Lohmann phase. It took an estimated labor of 10,000 person hours to build even 1/3-1/4 of the entire plaza, making it one of the largest construction projects at Cahokia. Mound 72: The Beaded Burial Mound 72 was a mortuary temple/charnel house, one of several used by the Mississippians at Cahokia. It is rather inconspicuous, measuring only 3 m (10.5 ft) high, 43 m (141 ft) long, 22 m (72 ft) wide, and it is located 860 m (.5 mi) south of Monks Mound. But it stands out because there were over 270 individuals deposited in 25 burial features (several suggesting human sacrifice), along with large votive caches of artifacts, including arrow bundles, mica deposits, discoidal chunkey stones, and masses of shell beads. Up until recently, the primary burial at Mound 72 was considered a double burial of two men lying atop a beaded cloak with a birds head, alongside several retainers. However, Emerson and colleagues (2016) recently restudied the discoveries from the mound including the skeletal materials. They found that, rather than being two men, the highest ranking individuals were a single male buried atop a single female. At least a dozen young men and women were buried as retainers. All but one of the retainer burials were either adolescents or young adults at the time of their deaths, but the central figures are both adults. Between 12,000-20,000 marine shell beads were discovered intermingled with the skeletal material, but they were not in a single cloak, but rather strings of beads and loose beads placed in and around the bodies. The researchers report that the birds head shape shown in the illustrations from the original excavations may have been an intended image or simply fortuitous. Mound 34 and Woodhenges Mound 34 at Cahokia was occupied during the Moorehead phase of the site, and while it is neither the largest or most impressive of mounds, it held evidence of a copper workshop, a nearly unique set of data on the hammered copper process used by the Mississippians. Metal smelting was not known in North America at this time, but copper working, consisting of a combination of hammering and annealing, was part of the techniques. Eight pieces of copper were retrieved from Mound 34 backfill, sheet copper covered in black and green corrosion product. All of the pieces are abandoned blanks or scraps, not the finished product. Chastain and colleagues examined the copper and ran experimental replications, and concluded that the process involved the reduction of large chunks of native copper into thin sheets by alternately hammering and annealing the metal, exposing it to an open wood fire for a few minutes. Four or perhaps five massive circles or arcs of large postholes called Wood Henges or post circle monuments were found in Tract 51; another has been found near Mound 72. These have been interpreted as solar calendars, marking the solstices and equinoxes and no doubt the focus of community rituals. Cahokias End Cahokias abandonment was rapid, and that has been attributed to a wide variety of things, including famine, disease, nutritional stress, climate change, environmental degradation, social unrest, and warfare. However, given the recent identification of such a large percentage of immigrants in the population, researchers are suggesting an entirely new reason: unrest arising from diversity. Americanist scholars argue that the city broke apart because the heterogeneous, multiethnic, likely polyglot society brought social and political competition between centralized and corporate leadership. There may have been kin-based and ethnic factionalism that may have reemerged after the Big Bang to splinter what began as ideological and political solidarity. The highest population levels only lasted about two generations at Cahokia, and researchers suggest widespread and tumultuous political disorder sent groups of immigrants back out of the city. In what is an ironic twist for those of us who have long thought of Cahokia as the engine of change, it may well have been the people who abandoned Cahokia beginning in the mid-12th century that spread the Mississippian culture far and wide. Sources Alt S. 2012. Making Mississippian at Cahokia. In: Pauketat TR, editor. Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 497-508.Alt SM, Kruchten JD, and Pauketat TR. 2010. The Construction and Use of Cahokia’s Grand Plaza. Journal of Field Archaeology 35(2):131-146.Baires SE, Baltus MR, and Buchanan ME. 2015. Correlation does not equal causation: Questioning the Great Cahokia Flood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(29):E3753.Chastain ML, Deymier-Black AC, Kelly JE, Brown JA, and Dunand DC. 2011. Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(7):1727-1736.Emerson TE, and Hedman KM. 2015. The dangers of diversity: the consolidation and dissolution of Cahokia, Native North Americas first urban polity. In: Faulseit RK, editor. Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies. Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press. p 147-178. Emerson TE, Hedman KM, Hargrave EA, Cobb DE, and Thompson AR. 2016. Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial. American Antiquity 81(3):405-425.Munoz SE, Gruley KE, Massie A, Fike DA, Schroeder S, and Williams JW. 2015. Cahokias emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(20):6319-6324.Munoz SE, Schroeder S, Fike DA, and Williams JW. 2014. A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region, Illinois, USA. Geology 42(6):499-502.Pauketat TR, Boszhardt RF, and Benden DM. 2015. Trempealeau Entanglements: An Ancient Colonys Causes and Effects. American Antiquity 80(2):260-289.Pauketat TR, Alt SM, and Kruchten JD. 2017. The Emerald Acropolis: elevating the moon and water in the rise of Cahokia. Antiquity 91(355):207-222. Redmond EM, and Spencer CS. 2012. Chiefdoms at the threshold: The competitive origins of the primary state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(1):22-37. Schilling T. 2012. Building Monks Mound, Cahokia, Illinois, a.d. 800–1400. Journal of Field Archaeology 37(4):302-313.Sherwood SC, and Kidder TR. 2011. The DaVincis of dirt: Geoarchaeological perspectives on Native American mound building in the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30(1):69-87.Slater PA, Hedman KM, and Emerson TE. 2014. Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: Strontium isotope evidence for population movement. Journal of Archaeological Science 44:117-127.Thompson AR. 2013. Odontometric determination of sex at Mound 72, Cahokia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151(3):408-419.